A Diaspora of Talent: How Ukrainian Engineers Are Powering the Global Space Industry
24th Jan 2025
The ongoing war in Ukraine has undoubtedly had a profound impact on the nation’s scientific and engineering communities. Over the past decade, geopolitical instability and the pursuit of better opportunities have led to a significant migration of Ukrainian talent, particularly Ukrainian engineers.
Many talented specialists in engineering and technology and researchers have sought opportunities abroad, and many have found themselves at the forefront of the global space race.
At Orbital Today, we wanted to understand how this talent exodus is influencing space exploration efforts worldwide. We spoke with several Ukrainian space engineers currently working for international companies, and here’s what they had to say.
How Ukrainian Engineers Are Shaping the Future of Space Exploration
As of mid-2024, geopolitical events and economic factors have significantly influenced the migration patterns of Ukrainian professionals, particularly in the engineering and technology sectors.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) reported that, as of August 2024, approximately 6.7 million Ukrainians had sought refuge abroad, a substantial portion of whom were professionals and skilled workers.
Regarding labour migration, the OECD noted that, as of June 2024, over 4.7 million displaced Ukrainians were hosted in OECD countries. Germany, Poland, and the United States are the largest hosts in absolute numbers.
Renowned for their expertise, Ukrainian engineers have become integral to advancing aerospace technologies abroad, from satellite development to propulsion systems.
In 2023 alone, over 1.7 million Ukrainians migrated for work, with many contributing to high-tech industries globally.
This exodus, driven by conflict and economic challenges, highlights the resilience of Ukrainian engineers and their influence on international space technology and engineering.
The Legacy of Ukraine in Space Exploration
Ukraine has a rich history in space exploration, with pioneers such as Yuriy Kondratyuk, Sergey Korolyov, and Valentyn Hlushko. Pavlo Popovych became the first Ukrainian in space in 1962, and Leonid Kadenyuk was the first astronaut of independent Ukraine – in 1997, he went into space as a member of the STS-87 mission.
Ukraine’s aerospace legacy dates back to its pivotal role in the Soviet Union’s space program
As home to key institutions such as the then-Yuzhnoye Design Office and Yuzhmash plant, Ukraine contributed to landmark projects, including the design and production of rockets like the R-7, which launched Sputnik and the first human, Yuri Gagarin, into space.
However, the collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent economic challenges led to a decline in the Ukrainian space industry. This, combined with the allure of opportunities in Western countries, prompted a significant exodus of highly skilled Ukrainian engineers and scientists.
Economic instability and political turmoil, exacerbated by the 2014 Russian invasion and the ongoing broad-scale war, have prompted a significant talent shift in recent years.
Ukrainian engineers now work for companies worldwide, applying their expertise in satellite systems, propulsion, and space robotics.
This migration underscores the challenges facing Ukraine’s space industry and the enduring impact of its scientific community on the global stage.
Personal Journeys: Voices of Ukrainian Space Engineers
Behind every technological breakthrough are the people who make it possible.
We tracked down Ukrainian aerospace expats — engineers and scientists — in different countries to learn about their personal stories of voluntary or forced emigration.
Most did not respond to our emails or politely refused to be interviewed for various reasons.
Below are three stories of young Ukrainian space professionals who have taken their skills abroad, overcoming challenges, seizing opportunities, and making a mark on the global aerospace industry. Their experiences and circumstances are entirely different, but they provide insight into the resilience, ingenuity, and drive that is taking Ukrainian Challenges and Opportunities for Ukrainian Engineers to the international stage.
OT: Can you describe your current role and responsibilities in the company? What projects are you working on? What is your biggest passion in your current position?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
I am the CTO (Chief Technology Officer) and Safety Director at Maritime Launch Services. The company’s main project is developing a commercial orbital launch site in Canada. I am responsible for many areas, including the company’s technological development and the regulatory aspects of launch operations. I am most excited to see the practical implementation of our work—a successful launch.
Inesa Kostenko
Since July 2022, I have been working as a researcher at the University of Leicester under the British Academy grant programme and teaching the Master’s courses ‘International Space Law’ and ‘Commercialisation of Space’. My research focuses on the role of satellite technologies in modern conflicts, particularly in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. I research satellites’ dual use, strategic role in military operations, and current legal and ethical challenges.
As co-leader of the Space Environment research group at Space Park Leicester, I focus on the security and sustainable use of space, including orbital services and responsible management of space resources.
I am most impressed by the extent to which the UK space industry, particularly space law, is recognised as an essential part of scientific, societal and governmental priorities. Of course, such an environment is very motivating and inspiring for scientific work.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma
I’m a chemical propulsion engineer at the TEC (Technology, Engineering, and Quality) Directorate of the European Space Agency ESTEC (European Space Research and Technology Center). My main project is ExoMars EDLM (Entry, Descent, and Lander Module), so I’m working on the propulsion system of Europe’s Mars Lander. It’s an inspiring project, as we are launching the first European-made Mars Rover, the Rosalind Franklin Rover, which will revolutionise our knowledge of biological life traces on Mars.
OT: What inspired you to leave Ukraine and look for opportunities abroad, and when?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
In 2003, I joined the Canadian Arrow team, which competed for the X Prize. My experience with this project and my previous experience with NASA led me to seek professional fulfilment abroad.
Inesa Kostenko:
The decision to leave Ukraine was not inspired by inspiration or a desire to seek new opportunities. It was a forced and painful step dictated by the brutal realities of the war, which forced me to leave my native Kharkiv and head into the unknown. My only goal was to ensure the safety of my family.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
During my studies in Kyiv, I realised that I wanted to switch to space engineering rather than astrophysics, and I searched for practical universities worldwide where I could do this. At the time, the Delft University of Technology was rated as one of the best in Europe for practical hands-on engineering, and it was financially desirable for foreign students compared to other European/American universities I had been accepted to. So I leapt and moved to the Netherlands to obtain my degree in Aerospace Engineering and then my MSc in Space Systems Engineering with a focus on propulsion.
After graduation, I started working in the space field in the Netherlands and have been here ever since.
OT: Can you describe your role in the Ukrainian space programme before you left the country?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
In 1996-1998, I participated in a joint project between NASA and the National Space Agency of Ukraine to fly a Ukrainian astronaut on the US Space Shuttle as a backup to the main crew member. Later, I worked in the Ukrainian space industry at the Space Research Institute and the National Space Agency.
Inesa Kostenko:
Before the war, I was engaged in teaching and research in space law. I taught the International Air and Space Law course at the Karazin Kharkiv National University. I developed the Public Administration in Space Activity course for the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University. My research focused on a comparative analysis of the legal systems of developed countries in the context of space regulation and the possibility of their adaptation to Ukrainian legislation. My work aimed to create a bridge between Ukrainian realities and global trends in space activities. After all, space is not only about technology but also about strategy, management approaches and legal mechanisms that can be key to a country’s international success.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
I came to the Netherlands for my studies, so I did not have an extensive career in Ukraine prior. However, I obtained a BSc degree in astrophysics and space physics from the Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University (Physics faculty), where I met many Ukrainian astrophysicists and space professionals with whom I maintain a network today. Of course, I did some practical work during my studies at Ukrainian observatories.
Challenges and Opportunities for Ukrainian Engineers And Talents Abroad
For professionals working abroad, this path is fraught with significant obstacles. Adapting to a new work culture, overcoming language barriers and adjusting to different professional norms and expectations can be a real challenge.
Geopolitical tensions, in particular the ongoing war in Ukraine, have put additional emotional and psychological strain on Ukrainian professionals who balance their careers with caring for their homeland and families.
Here’s what our heroes had to say.
Opportunities: Highlight how global companies benefit from Ukrainian expertise, innovation, and work ethic. Mention any collaborations between these professionals and Ukraine’s space industry.
OT: What challenges did you face when moving to another country and working for another space agency/company? Was it challenging to adapt to the new professional environment?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
I had no significant difficulties with either the move or adaptation. Thanks to my previous experience at NASA, I knew in advance what to expect from my new job and environment.
Inesa Kostenko:
Moving to another country was a significant challenge, both professionally and personally. The main challenge was learning a new work system: in the UK, there is a strong emphasis on grant projects and interdisciplinary research, which were limited in Ukraine. In addition, the British system of teaching and research is highly structured and has clear procedures. At first, it seemed too bureaucratic, but later, I saw how these processes contribute to efficiency and consistency.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
I initially came to the Netherlands for my studies, so when I moved on my own, I faced many of the same issues many students studying abroad face: homesickness, missing family and friends, and adaptation to a new society and culture. In the Netherlands, I had to learn to ride a bike for the first time in my life, and adapting to the rainy weather took me some time. However, all of that was overpowered by the joy of doing what I wanted: to study space engineering in this great international environment. In hindsight, I think I was fortunate to have had my adaptation period in my student days, as it’s very easy to meet people and make friends as a student. Nobody expects much from you yet, so you get lots of grace when it comes to cultural/language adaptations.
OT: Are there specific skills, approaches or areas of expertise you developed in Ukraine that have been particularly useful and valuable in your current role?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
This is my professional education as an engineer and scientist and my experience in the space industry.
Inesa Kostenko:
My English language skills (including legal English and academic writing) and educational experience in Ukraine, particularly in space law, have become key to my current work. In addition, the ‘Ukrainian skill’ of working fast and hard has been a significant advantage when adapting to the UK environment. In an environment with a strong emphasis on structure and procedure, the ability to work quickly and efficiently has allowed me to integrate soon.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
My astronomy and space physics background helped in my career as a space engineer: it gave me a strong base for my job in optical engineering at TNO (Dutch research institute) to understand how the end-user is going to use the data we are providing via Earth Observation and space telescope satellites.
OT: What do you miss most about Ukraine? Do you keep in touch with your Ukrainian friends and colleagues?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
Most of all, we miss our family and friends. We keep in touch with friends and colleagues as much as possible.
Inesa Kostenko:
Most of all, I miss Kharkiv – a source of energy and inspiration, a sense of home that cannot be felt anywhere else. I miss my parents, my family, and the rhythm of life that was in the past. I keep in touch with my friends and colleagues all the time. It is not only professional cooperation but also warm conversations that remind us that despite the distance, we remain part of one whole – a community of people who work and dream of a bright future for Ukraine.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
I miss my parents, and I miss my city (Kyiv). I miss walking through the streets of beautiful Kyiv for hours, as I used to do when I was a student there. It’s a city that’s so versatile, beautiful, and monumental, yet cosy at the same time. I could spend days there on my own and never get bored.
I stay in touch with old colleagues, but most are not in Ukraine anymore: some are in Europe, and some are in the US. After nearly 20 years in the Netherlands, I do not have close ties with many people in Ukraine (aside from my family); however, Ukraine is very much in my heart, and I still feel very Ukrainian.
OT: Does your work abroad indirectly benefit Ukraine in any way? If so, in what way?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
We are building a commercial spaceport from which Ukrainian-made launch vehicles could launch in the future.
Inesa Kostenko:
Yes, of course, my work is aimed at developing space law and international cooperation, which are essential for Ukraine, especially in the context of its post-war recovery—organising international conferences, engaging Ukrainian scientists in global discussions, and co-authoring publications with colleagues from Ukraine all help integrate Ukraine’s scientific potential into the global community.
My research also focuses on space security and sustainable development, considering Ukraine’s specific challenges during the war. This strengthens ties between Ukrainian and international scientists and provides strategic guidance for recovering Ukraine’s space industry.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
I strengthen my ties with the Ukrainian space sector as much as possible. At university, I helped organise a study tour of Ukraine and established contact between Ukrainian and Dutch universities. I’m in contact with the Ukrainian embassy in the Netherlands and have helped them organise or participate in space events showcasing Ukrainian space technology. I also have an extensive international space network and am happy to help the embassy connect with the right people. I think it’s inevitable that Ukraine will join ESA one day; it’s a key element of our overall European integration, so I hope to help lay a foundation for that eventually.
Future Prospects: A Message of Hope and Collaboration
OT: What role can space projects and research play in strengthening international cooperation and peacekeeping efforts?
Inesa Kostenko:
The role of space projects can be enormous, but only if they are authentic and transparent. History shows that scientific discoveries have often been used for purposes far removed from their original ideals. Many scientists, inspired by the pursuit of the stars, ended up serving state interests, sometimes even unknowingly.
Today, we are witnessing the active commercialisation of the space industry, which opens up new opportunities and raises serious questions about motives and goals. Space projects may have loud names such as ‘for peace and stability’, but the real goal may be to create weapons or to increase control.
For example, satellite systems that are claimed to provide humanitarian support may be used for reconnaissance or asymmetric conflict. Concepts such as ‘militarisation for peace’ or ‘defence through offence’ highlight this ambiguity. In such circumstances, the true potential of space projects as a tool for international cooperation and peacekeeping efforts remains at risk.
The real potential of space projects depends on their ability to remain an instrument of cooperation rather than competition. Transparency, precise regulation and a common goal should be at the heart of such projects. Without this, space risks becoming another arena for confrontations hidden behind noble names of initiatives.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
International collaboration in space and other industries is key to Ukraine’s integration into Europe and long-term development. The more international ties Ukraine has, the easier it will be to break free from its oppressors in all aspects of life.
A significant contribution to the global space industry
Ukrainian engineers are leading key advancements in global space exploration. Their contributions to next-generation satellite systems, reusable rocket designs, and space robotics reshape industry standards.
Ukrainian aerospace specialists influence the USA (Space-X, Firefly, and others), Canada, Germany (RFA, ISAR), the Netherlands (ISILAUNCH), Spain, Bulgaria, Portugal, Italy (Avio), Turkey (Tubitak), South Korea (Hanwha Defence Systems, KARI), Japan, China, Brazil, the UK (Orbex, Skyrora), Poland, Austria, and Portugal.
Scientists from Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (DNU) have been working in Brazil for a long time, dealing with rocket engines at the University of Brasilia (UnB). Dr Aleksey Shinkarenko, PhD, heads the specially created Chemical Propulsion Laboratory of UnB, Aerospace Engineering Department of the University of Brasilia. With him, Artem Andrianov is engaged in scientific research within the framework of Brazilian Space Agency tasks.
The head of Jet Propulsion (Dnipro), Yulian Protsan, travelled to Poland with specialists to create a direct-flow air-jet engine for a drone. The tests were unsuccessful, so now this group of specialists cooperates with German businessmen and wants to create its analogue of the GS-10 liquid propellant rocket engine.
The head of SkyEnergy LLC (Dnipro) travelled to Austria. The company has long been engaged in ensuring the manufacture of deployers (adapters) for satellite separation from the launch vehicle and represented the interests of ISISPACE (Netherlands), including during tests at Yuzhnoye SDO.
For example, Ukrainian professionals play critical roles in U.S. and European aerospace firms, driving innovations in propulsion systems and miniaturised satellite technology.
They significantly contribute to cutting-edge space technologies, including satellite design, propulsion systems, and advanced materials.
Great bit of sleuthing here by a German journalist who thought small launch company Rocket Factory Augsburg’s claims were too good to be true. He found the company recently switched to Ukrainian-made engines.
Global companies have greatly benefited from the expertise, innovation, and strong work ethic of Ukrainian space engineers. Known for their problem-solving abilities and deep technical knowledge, these professionals have contributed their experience, which is rooted in Ukraine’s rich aerospace legacy. It has proven invaluable in driving complex international projects forward.
Additionally, collaborations between Ukrainian talent abroad and Ukraine’s domestic space industry, such as knowledge-sharing initiatives and joint research, offer opportunities to strengthen Ukraine’s position in the global market while fostering innovation across borders.
OT: What role do you see for Ukrainian scientists in future space exploration?
Inesa Kostenko:
Ukrainian scientists are unique people: highly educated, creative and able to work at the limit of their abilities. Unfortunately, their potential is almost completely ignored today due to the lack of state support for the scientific sector.
Under the current circumstances, I see two possible scenarios. The first is a forced change of profession within Ukraine when talented people leave science because they cannot realise their ideas. The second is a change of affiliation to an international one when our scientists become the driving force behind other countries’ space programmes.
Ukrainian scientists can play a key role in global space exploration, but this requires creating conditions that allow them to work at home rather than seek a better life abroad. With this support, their talent will become the property of other countries, while Ukraine will retain the opportunity to be part of the advanced space community. This is not a question of the capabilities of our people – they are extraordinary. It is a question of whether the country can give them a chance to become part of the global history of space exploration.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
Ukraine has the potential to become one of the European leaders in space technology and exploration, but we will be able to meet this potential only once we are part of the greater European family. Specifically, Ukraine’s joining ESA is a critical aspect of this. As an ESA member, it would have access to much information and support in developing its space sector.
OT: Could the global space industry adopt any practices or technologies in Ukraine?
Inesa Kostenko:
Today, Ukraine is gaining unique experience in using space technologies in an ongoing conflict that has a global impact. Two key areas that require special attention are satellite communications and satellite imaging (Optical and SAR Imaging).
Satellite communications have become critical to the modern conflict, providing effective coordination of drone operations, rapid dissemination of information and support for command structures. At the same time, this experience highlights the vulnerability of such systems to cyber threats, which makes it necessary to strengthen their protection and develop more resilient communication platforms.
Satellite imagery shows practical applications of technology for real-time situational awareness, assessing the effects of hostilities, and collecting evidence for legal prosecution. Crowdfunded satellites play a unique role, providing transparency and openness of data to a broad audience and changing traditional perceptions of the use of space resources in conflicts.
However, this experience goes far beyond technology. It raises fundamental legal and ethical questions: How can civilian data be protected? How can private companies’ activities in conflict zones be regulated? How can satellite technologies be prevented from being misused? Thus, our Ukrainian experience in these areas can become a platform for developing new global standards.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
Ukraine has a strong history in liquid propulsion system development, both in terms of rocket engines and thrusters, as well as auxiliary components: valves, filters, etc. A good example is the 2nd stage engine of the Vega C: the Zefiro-40, which was developed by Yuzhnoye (Pivdenne) and manufactured by Yuzhmash (Pivdenmash). There are other satellite platforms and payload components from Ukraine that I have heard praised by my colleagues: magnetometers, optical and structural elements. Ukraine has advanced material science, excellent manufacturing capability, and is easy to work with when manufacturing bespoke components. There is also sufficient AIV and testing capability that can be very useful for the European space sector. Finally, Ukraine is an “IT superpower”, with IT being an integral part of the space sector. Now, because of Russia’s barbaric war against Ukraine, naturally, things are more challenging, but I know of several ongoing projects still happening today with the Ukrainian space sector.
Ukrainian engineers: Returning home is a logical question with challenging answers
OT: Do you plan to return to Ukraine and contribute to its space sector? Why?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
I am always open to considering relevant opportunities and relevant offers.
Inesa Kostenko:
I am from Kharkiv, a city that is currently going through challenging times compared to many other regions of Ukraine. My dream is to return to my hometown and contribute to its recovery. I am particularly interested in the development of the space science and education sectors, which can become the drivers of Ukraine’s recovery and future. However, this decision depends on several factors.
The safety of my children remains the most critical aspect. I want them to grow up in a safe, stable environment with a quality education. The prospects for the development of the space industry are also significant.
I am ready to apply my knowledge and experience, but this requires proper state support for science and decent conditions for implementing innovative projects. Kharkiv has always been a symbol of intellectual progress and innovation, and I firmly believe it will regain its scientific greatness one day.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
I’d love to work with more Ukrainian space companies and help Ukraine establish a new space sector. Ukraine’s current space capabilities are inherited from Soviet times, but we can do much better. Ukraine has both highly-educed and capable human and industrial resources, plus the bonus of a strong space engineering tradition, to eventually have one of the leading space industries in Europe. For this, we must integrate into the greater European society, adapt to modern engineering practices, and focus on establishing a space industry utterly independent of our Soviet past.
About returning to Ukraine: Perhaps after the war, I will eventually return for a time, perhaps not, but I don’t think I need to be physically present in Ukraine to support the development of its space sector.
Advice and suggestions for colleagues who stayed in Ukraine
Ultimately, we asked our respondents what they would wish or recommend to Ukrainian engineers and professionals who have stayed in Ukraine and are at a crossroads in their professional and career development.
OT: What advice would you give to young Ukrainian engineers and scientists who dream of a career in space?
Yaroslav Pustovyi:
In my opinion, the main thing is understanding your professional path, regardless of whether it relates to space. The next step is to get the appropriate education and, at the same time, look for opportunities for professional fulfilment. Another piece of advice is to learn foreign languages, especially English. The space industry is international, regardless of whether you work in Ukraine or abroad.
Inesa Kostenko:
Ukraine has always been a country of outstanding engineers, talented scientists and big dreamers, even in the most difficult times. Today, Ukrainian professionals have a unique opportunity to demonstrate that crisis can be the basis for growth and breakthroughs. Believe in your potential, tempered under challenging conditions.
Your ‘ superpower ‘ is the ability to adapt, solve problems quickly, and work efficiently with minimal resources. These skills, commonplace in Ukraine, are highly valued globally, especially in times of global challenges. Your knowledge, experience, and approach to solving problems with limited resources can be decisive in certain areas.
This is what makes you unique internationally. Also, remember that the space industry is a long game. Today’s difficulties do not close the door but build your resilience and unique experience.
Your ideas can already become the basis for Ukraine’s recovery. For example, space technologies can be key in monitoring infrastructure, restoring the environment or developing innovative solutions for post-war reconstruction.
Olga Motsyk-Schaafsma:
I always advise students about the most important things they learn outside the classroom. Do as much practical hands-on engineering work as you can get your hands on: join (or start) a rocketry club, sign up for engineering competitions, join any student engineering societies that give you access to a workshop, lab, test field, anything you need to do your engineering, physically. Learn to fail early and often: once you develop the confidence to recover from failure, you will become a good engineer, perhaps even a space entrepreneur.
Conclusion
The exodus of Ukrainian engineers has reshaped the global space industry, with Ukrainian professionals driving innovations in satellite systems, propulsion, and advanced materials worldwide. Despite economic and geopolitical challenges, Ukraine’s aerospace legacy endures, offering a foundation for revival.
Thank you for your comment! It will be visible on the site after moderation.