Archaeologists Uncover 2,500-Year-Old Egyptian Astronomy Observatory

A team of archaeologists has uncovered a large ancient astronomy observatory in Buto, the former capital of Lower Egypt, dating back to the sixth century BCE. This discovery offers new insights into ancient Egyptian astronomy practices during a turbulent period of pharaonic rule.

The observatory, part of a mud-brick temple complex named after the goddess Wadjet, spans approximately 850 square meters, making it the largest known structure of its kind from that period. The building was used to observe and record astronomical phenomena, including the sun’s and stars’ movements.

The temple complex, located at Tell el-Faraeen, about 80 kilometers east of Alexandria, is currently being excavated. Archaeologists are uncovering more tools and artefacts to shed light on how ancient Egyptians studied the skies.

Tools and Structures for Celestial Observation

Among the significant findings is a sloping stone sundial designed to measure time using the sun’s movement. The building’s alignment also suggests a deliberate orientation toward the east, where the sun rises. Additional stone blocks and limestone slabs found within the structure appear to have been used for tracking the sun’s location and measuring its inclination.

A stone observatory tower, a platform with inscriptions related to sunrises and sunsets, and several other engravings further highlight the temple’s role in astronomy. The walls of the hall are adorned with images of deities associated with the sky, such as Horus, who is often depicted as a falcon with eyes symbolizing celestial bodies.

The Historical Significance of the Site

The temple is named after Wadjet, the protector goddess of Lower Egypt, who played a significant role in ancient Egypt’s religious and political life. 

Wadjet, often depicted alongside Nekhbet, the goddess representing Upper Egypt, symbolizes the unity of both regions under the pharaohs’ rule.

Other smaller discoveries at the site include ceremonial objects, such as a Menat necklace, offering tablets, and pottery used for temple rituals and daily life. These findings provide additional context for understanding the religious and everyday activities associated with the temple.

A Window into Ancient Egyptian Astronomy

This discovery at the Temple of Buto offers a rare glimpse into ancient Egypt’s astronomical knowledge and practices. As excavations continue, archaeologists hope to learn more about the methods and tools used by temple astronomers to track celestial events and their significance in Egyptian society.